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| c. 5000 BC |
| | | Squash and chili are the first plants to be cultivated in America, in the Tehuácan valley in modern Mexico | |
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| c. 5000 BC |
| | | The Sahara, damp enough for the hippopotamus, supports neolithic communities until it begins to dry up in about 3000 BC | |
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| c. 4400 BC |
| | | The first evidence of a loom comes from this period in Egypt, but some simple method of holding the warp must be as old as weaving | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A passage grave with a superb corbelled dome is constructed on the Île Longue off the southern coast of Brittany | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Oxen are the first draught animals, in use at this time in the Middle East and in Europe | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | In Mesopotamia, and on the grass steppes of southern Russia, oxen are used to pull heavy loads on sledges | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A simple hand-held plough is in use in Egypt and Mesopotamia, at least 1000 years before a heavier version is pulled by oxen | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Beer is brewed in Mesopotamia, where barley is an indigenous crop | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Grapes are cultivated in the region of the Caspian see, where the grape vine Vitis vinifera is indigenous | |
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| c. 3800 BC |
| | | Copper is extracted from ore by smelting at various sites in Iran | |
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